PSG has now won the season-opening cup on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after the French winger opened the net in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille fired twice in the closing moments to take a surprise lead. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial leveler in the dying seconds to force the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, stopping crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a 4-1 penalty win.
Now 14-time winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.